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What is Propylene Glycol?

Propylene Glycol, known also by the systematic name propane-1,2-diol, is an organic compound (a diol alcohol), with a faintly sweet taste, and is a colorless, nearly odorless, clear, viscous liquid that is hygroscopic and miscible with water, acetone, and chloroform.  It is marketed in two primary grades:  industrial and USP grade.

Applications Where Propylene Glycol is Used:

• As a solvent in many pharmaceuticals, including oral, injectable and topical formulations. Notably, diazepam, which is insoluble in water, uses propylene glycol as its solvent in its clinical, injectable form.
  [Source: Janusz Szajewski, MD , Warsaw Poison Control Centre (August, 1991).  "Propylene glycol (PIM 443)". IPCS INChem. . Retrieved July 2, 2009.]
  
  
• As a humectant food additive, labeled as E number E1520
  
  
• As an emulsification agent in Angostura and orange bitters
  
  
• As a moisturizer in medicines, cosmetics, food, toothpaste, mouth wash, and tobacco products
  
  
• As a carrier in fragrance oils
  
  
• As an ingredient in massage oils
  
  
• In hand sanitizers, antibacterial lotions, and saline solutions
  
  
• In smoke machines to make artificial smoke for use in firefighters' training and theatrical productions
  
  
• In electronic cigarettess to deliver vaporized nicotine
  
  
• As a solvent for food colors and flavorings
  
  
• As an ingredient, along with wax and gelatin, in the production of paintballs
  
  
• As a moisture stabilizer (humectant) for snus (Swedish style snuff).
  
  
• As a cooling agent for beer and wine glycol jacketed fermentation tanks
  
  
• As a less-toxic antifreeze
  
  
• As a solvent used in mixing photographic chemicals, such as film developers
  
  
• In cryonics
  
  
• As a working fluid in hydraulic presses
  
  
• As a coolant in liquid cooling systems
  
  
• To regulate humidity in a cigar humidor
  
  
• As the killing and preserving agent in pitfall traps, usually used to capture ground beetles
  
  
• As an additive to pipe tobacco to prevent dehydration.
  
  
• To treat livestock ketosis
  
  
• As the main ingredient in deodorant sticks.
  
  
• To de-ice aircraft.
  [Source: http://pubs.acs.org/cen/whatstuff/stuff/7901scit5.html]
  
  
• UV Blacklite Tattoo Ink

Possible air germicide

Studies conducted in 1942 by Dr. Oswald Hope Robertson of University of Chicago's Billings Hospital showed vaporized propylene glycol inhalation in laboratory mice may prevent pneumonia, influenza, and other respiratory diseases. Additional studies in monkeys and other animals were undertaken to determine longterm effects, especially the potential for accumulation in the lungs.  After a few months of treatment, no ill effects were discovered.
[Source: "Air Germicide". TIME. Time, Inc.. 1942-11-16. Retrieved 2009-05-23.]

Properties

Propylene glycol is a component in newer automotive antifreezes and de-icers used at airports. Like ethylene glycol, the freezing point of propylene glycol is depressed when mixed with water due to disruption of hydrogen bonding.  Unlike ethylene glycol, propylene glycol is much lower in toxicity.  Both are readily biodegradable.

Allergic reaction

Research has suggested that individuals who cannot tolerate propylene glycol probably experience a special form of irritation, but that they only rarely develop allergic contact dermatitis.  Other investigators believe that the incidence of allergic contact dermatitis to propylene glycol may be greater than 2% in patients with eczema.
[Source: American Medical Association, Council on Drugs (1994). AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1994 (Chicago, Illinois: American Medical Association): 1224.]

Patients with vulvodynia and interstitial cystitis may be especially sensitive to propylene glycol.  Women struggling with yeast infections may also notice that some OTC creams can cause intense burning.
[Source: Elizabeth Vliet MD, Screaming To Be Heard:  "Hormonal Connections That Women Suspect and Doctors Ignore". M. Evans and Company, Inc. New York 1995]

Post menopausal women who require the use of an estrogen cream may notice that brand name creams made with propylene glycol often create extreme, uncomfortable burning along the vulva and perianal area.  In these cases, patients can request that a local compounding pharmacy make a "propylene glycol free" cream.

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